F. M. Menzies and D. C. Rubinsztein, "Broadening the Therapeutic Scope for Rapamycin Treatment," Autophagy 6, no. 2 (February 2010): 286–87, https://doi.org/10.4161 /auto.6.2.11078.
222
K. Araki et al., "mTOR Regulates Memory CD8 T-cell Differentiation," Nature 460, no. 7251 (July 2, 2009):108–12, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08155.
223
C. Chen et al. "mTOR Regulation and Therapeutic Rejuvenation of Aging Hematopoietic Stem Cells," Science Signaling 2, no. 98 (November 24, 2009): ra75, https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2000559.
224
A. M. Eiden, "Molecular Pathways: Increased Susceptibility to Infection Is a Complication of mTOR Inhibitor Use in Cancer Therapy," Clinical Cancer Research 22, no. 2 (January 15, 2016): 277–83, https://doi.org/10.1158/1078–0432.ccr-14–3239.
225
A. J. Pagán et al., "mTOR-Regulated Mitochondrial Metabolism Limits Mycobacterium-Induced Cytotoxicity, Cell 185, no. 20 (September 29, 2022): 3720–38, e13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.018.
226
Майкл Холл, электронное письмо автору от 29 сентября 2022 г.
227
K. E. Creevy et al., "An Open Science Study of Ageing in Companion Dogs," Nature 602, no. 7895 (February 2022): 51–57, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586–021–04282–9.
228
M. V. Blagosklonny and M. N. Hall, "Growth and Aging: A Common Molecular Mechanism," Aging 1, no. 4 (April 20, 2009): 357–62, https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100040.
229
A. M. Herskind et al., "The Heritability of Human Longevity: A Population-Based Study of 2,872 Danish Twin Pairs Born 1870–1900," Human Genetics 97, no. 3 (March 1996): 319–23, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02185763.
230
Их взгляды и планы кратко представлены в статье Фрэнсиса Крика и Сиднея Бреннера 1971 г.: F. H. C. Crick and S. Brenner, Report to the Medical Research Council: On the Work of the Division of Molecular Genetics, Now the Division of Cell Biology, from 1961–1971 (Cambridge, UK: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, November 1971), https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/sc/catalog/nlm: nlmuid–101584582X71–doc.
231
За эту работу Бреннер в 2002 г. был удостоен Нобелевской премии по физиологии и медицине вместе с двумя бывшими коллегами, Джоном Салстоном и Робертом Горвицем. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002," Nobel Prize online, визит 22 июля 2023 г., https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/summary/.
232
От нем. Dauer – «длительный». – Прим. ред.
233
Дэвид Хирш, электронное письмо автору от 1 августа 2022.
234
D. B. Friedman and T. E. Johnson, "A Mutation in the age–1 Gene in Caenorhabditis elegans Lengthens Life and Reduces Hermaphrodite Fertility," Genetics 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 75–86, https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/118.1.75.
235
T. E. Johnson, "Increased Life-Span of age–1 Mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans and Lower Gompertz Rate of Aging," Science 249, no. 4971 (August 24, 1990): 908–12, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2392681.
236
Книга Дэвида Стиппа содержит увлекательный и подробный рассказ об истории открытия мутаций, влияющих на старение, об ученых и научных аспектах этого открытия: David Stipp, The Youth Pill: Scientists at the Brink of an Anti-Aging Revolution (New York: Penguin, 2010).
237
Историю открытия Кеньон и Джонсона в их личном изложении см. в: C. Kenyon, "The First Long-Lived Mutants: Discovery of the Insulin/IGF–1 Pathway for Ageing," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1561 (January 12, 2001): 9–16, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0276, и T. E. Johnson, "25 Years After age–1: Genes, Interventions and the Revolution in Aging Research," Experimental Gerontology 48, no. 7 (July 2013): 640–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.023.
238
C. Kenyon et al., "A C. elegans Mutant That Lives Twice as Long as Wild Type," Nature 366, no. 6454 (December 2, 1993): 461–64, https://doi.org/10.1038/366461a0.
239
Stipp, Youth Pill.
240
Ibid.
241
Важнейшие статьи об идентификации некоторых ключевых генов: (daf–2), K. D. Kimura, H. A. Tissenbaum, and G. Ruvkun, "daf–2, an Insulin Receptor-Like Gene That Regulates Longevity and Diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans," Science 277, no. 5328 (August 15, 1997): 942–46, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5328.942; (age–1, который оказался тем же самым геном, что и daf–23), J. Z. Morris, H. A. Tissenbaum, and G. Ruvkun, "A Phosphatidylinositol–3–OH Kinase Family Member Regulating Longevity and Diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans, " Nature 382, no. 6591 (August 8, 1996): 536–39, https://doi.org/10.1038/382536a0; (daf–16), S. Ogg et al., "The Fork Head Transcription Factor DAF–16 Transduces Insulin-like Metabolic and Longevity Signals in C. elegans," Nature 389, no. 6654 (October 30, 1997): 994–99, https://doi.org/10.1038/40194, and K. Lin et al.,"daf–16: An HNF–3/Forkhead Family Member That Can Function to Double the Life-Span of Caenorhabditis elegans," Science 278, no. 5341 (November 14, 1997): 1319–22, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5341.1319.
242
C. J. Kenyon, "The Genetics of Ageing," Nature 464, no. 7288 (March 25, 2010): 504–12, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08980.
243
H. Yan et al., "Insulin Signaling in the Long-Lived Reproductive Caste of Ants," Science 377, no. 6610 (September 1, 2022): 1092–99, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm8767.
244
E. Cohen et al., "Opposing Activities Protect Against AgeOnset Proteotoxicity," Science 313, no. 5793 (September 15, 2006): 1604–10, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1124646.
245
D. J. Clancy et al., "Extension of Life-span by Loss of CHICO, a Drosophila Insulin Receptor Substrate Protein," Science 292, no. 5514 (April 6, 2001): 104–6, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1057991.
246
M. Holzenberger et al., "IGF–1 Receptor Regulates Lifespan and Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Mice," Nature 421, no. 6919 (January 9, 2003): 182–87, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01298; G. J. Lithgow and M. S. Gill, "Physiology: Cost-Free Longevity in Mice," Nature 421, no. 6919 (January 9, 2003): 125–26, https://doi.org/10.1038/421125a.
247
D. A. Bulger et al., "Caenorhabditis elegans DAF–2 as a Model for Human Insulin Receptoropathies," G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 257–68, https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.116.037184.
248
Y. Suh et al., "Functionally Significant Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptor Mutations in Centenarians," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) of the United States of America 105, no. 9 (March 4, 2008): 3438–42, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705467105; T. Kojima et al., "Association Analysis Between Longevity in the Japanese Population and Polymorphic Variants of Genes Involved in Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Signaling Pathways," Experimental Gerontology 39, nos. 11/12 (November/December 2004): 1595–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2004.05.007.
249
См. ссылки у Кеньон: Kenyon, "Genetics of Ageing," 504–12.
250
S. Honjoh et al., "Signalling Through RHEB–1 Mediates Intermittent Fasting-Induced Longevity in C. elegans," Nature 457, no. 7230 (February 5, 2009): 726–30, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07583.
251
S. Honjoh et al., "Signalling Through RHEB–1 Mediates Intermittent Fasting-Induced Longevity in C. elegans," Nature 457, no. 7230 (February 5, 2009): 726–30, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07583.
