=
m3/4, где
q0 – основной обмен животного, а
m – масса животного. –
Прим. ред. 40
О взгляде биолога на второй закон термодинамики и теорию старения как износа в процессе эксплуатации см.: Tom Kirkwood, chap. 5, "The Unnecessary Nature of Ageing," in Time of Our Lives: The Science of Human Aging (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 52–62.
41
См. веб-сайт Остеда на сайте университета Алабамы в Бирмингеме (Колледж искусств и науки, биологический факультет): https://www.uab.edu/cas/biology/people/faculty/steven-n-austad; см. также описание и интервью в подкасте: https://blog.insidetracker.com/longevity-by-design-steven-austad.
42
S. N. Austad and K. E. Fischer, "Mammalian Aging, Metabolism, and Ecology: Evidence from the Bats and Marsupials," Journal of Gerontology 46, no. 2 (March 1991): B47–B53, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/46.2.b47.
43
Austad, Methuselah's Zoo. Существует ранняя, краткая и более специализированная версия статьи: S. N. Austad, "Methusaleh's Zoo: How Nature Provides Us with Clues for Extending Human Health Span," Journal of Comparative Pathology 142, suppl. 1 (January 2010): S10–S21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.10.024. Большая часть данных о продолжительности жизни различных животных взята из этих двух источников.
44
B. A. Reinke et al., "Diverse Aging Rates in Ectothermic Tetrapods Provide Insights for the Evolution of Aging and Longevity," Science 376, no. 6600 (June 23, 2022): 1459–66, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm0151; R. da Silva et al., "Slow and Negligible Senescence Among Testudines Challenges Evolutionary Theories of Senescence," Science 376, no. 6600 (June 23, 2022): 1466–70, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abl7811.
45
"Actuarial Life Table," сайт Администрации социального обеспечения США, по сост. на 7 августа 2023 г., https://www.ssa.gov/oact/STATS/table4c6.html.
46
S. N. Austad and C. E. Finch, "How Ubiquitous Is Aging in Vertebrates?," Science 376, no. 6600 (June 23, 2022): 1384–85, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adc9442; Финч цит. по: Jack Tamisiea, "Centenarian Tortoises May Set the Standard for Anti-aging," сайт New York Times, 23 июня 2022 г., https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/23/science/tortoises-turtles-aging.html.
47
G. S. Wilkinson and J. M. South, "Life History, Ecology and Longevity in Bats," Aging Cell 1, no. 2 (December 2002): 124–31, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474–9728.2002.00020.x.
48
A. J. Podlutsky et al., "A New Field Record for Bat Longevity," Journals of Gerontology: Series A 60, no. 11 (November 2005): 1366–68, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.11.1366.
49
Wilkinson and South, "Life History," 124–31.
50
Podlutsky et al., "New Field Record," 1366–68.
51
R. Buffenstein, "The Naked Mole-Rat: A New Long-Living Model for Human Aging Research," Journals of Gerontology: Series A 60, no. 11 (November 2005): 1366–77, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.11.1369.
52
S. Liang et al., "Resistance to Experimental Tumorigenesis in Cells of a Long-Lived Mammal, the Naked Mole-Rat (Heterocephalus glaber)," Aging Cell 9, no. 4 (August 2010): 626–35, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474–9726.2010.00588.x.
53
J. G. Ruby, M. Smith, and R. Buffenstein, "Naked Mole-Rat Mortality Rates Defy Gompertzian Laws by Not Increasing with Age," eLife 7 (January 24, 2018): e31157, https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31157.
54
S. Braude et al., "Surprisingly Long Survival of Premature Conclusions About Naked Mole-Rat Biology," Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 96, no. 2 (April 2021): 376–93, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12660.
55
R. Buffenstein, et al., "The Naked Truth: A Comprehensive Clarification and Classification of Current 'Myths' in Naked Mole-Rat Biology," Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 97, no. 1 (February 2022): 115–40, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12791.
56
Steven Johnson, Extra Life: A Short History of Living Longer (New York: Riverhead Books, 2021).
57
О судьбоносной роли удобрений в судьбе человечества идет речь в захватывающей книге Томаса Хейгера: Thomas Hager, The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler (New York: Crown, 2009).
58
S. J. Olshansky, B. A. Carnes, and C. Cassel. "In Search of Methuselah: Estimating the Upper Limits to Human Longevity," Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 634–40, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2237414; S. J. Olshansky, B. A. Carnes, and A. Désesquelles, "Prospects for Human Longevity," Science 291, no. 5508 (February 23, 2001): 1491–92, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5508.1491.
59
A. Baudisch and J. W. Vaupel, "Getting to the Root of Aging: Why Do Patterns of Aging Differ Widely Across the Tree of Life?," Science 338, no. 6107 (November 2, 2012): 618–19, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226467; O. R. Jones and J. W. Vaupel, "Senescence Is Not Inevitable," Biogerontology 18, no. 6 (December 2017): 965–71, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522–017–9727–3.
60
See J. Couzin-Frankel, "A Pitched Battle over Life Span," Science 338, no. 6042 (July 29, 2011): 549–50, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.333.6042.549.
61
J. Oeppen and J. W. Vaupel, "Demography. Broken Limits to Life Expectancy," Science 296, no. 5570 (May 10, 2022): 1029–1031, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1069675.
62
F. Colchero et al., "The Long Lives of Primates and the 'Invariant Rate of Ageing' Hypothesis," Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (June 16, 2021): 3666, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467–021–23894–3.
63
Занятный рассказ о Парре можно найти на страницах книги: Austad, Methuselah's Zoo, pp. 262–63.
64
Craig R. Whitney, "Jeanne Calment, World's Elder, Dies at 122," New York Times, August 5, 1997, B8.
65
X. Dong, B. Milholland, and J. Vijg, "Evidence for a Limit to Human Lifespan," Nature 538, no. 7624 (October 13, 2016): 257–59, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19793.
66
E. Barbi et al., "The Plateau of Human Mortality: Demography of Longevity Pioneers," Science 360, no. 6396 (June 29, 2018): 1459–61, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat3119.
67
Carl Zimmer, "How Long Can We Live? The Limit Hasn't Been Reached, Study Finds," The New York Times online, June 28, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/28/science/human-age-limit.html.
68
H. Beltrán-Sánchez, S. N. Austad, and C. E. Finch, "The Plateau of Human Mortality: Demography of Longevity Pioneers," Science 361, no. 6409 (September 28, 2018): eaav1200, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav1200.
69
C. Cardona and D. Bishai, "The Slowing Pace of Life Expectancy Gains Since 1950," BMC Public Health 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 151, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889–018–5058–9; J. Schöley et al., "Life Expectancy Changes Since COVID–19," Nature Human Behaviour 6, no. 12 (December 2022): 1649–59, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562–022–01450–3.
70
"List of the Verified Oldest People," Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the _verified_oldest_people, по сост. на 10 июля 2023.
71
Книга была издана в 2023 г. В 2024 г. 9 августа Мария Браньяс Морера умерла в возрасте 117 лет. – Прим. ред.
72
J. Evert et al., "Morbidity Profiles of Centenarians: Survivors, Delayers, and Escapers," Journals
