121. Chicago.

122. Berlin.

123. New York.

124. The Hague.

125. Michel, E., Rembrandt, I, 63.

126. Amsterdam.

127. The Hague.

128. The Hague.

129. The Hague.

130. Duke of Devonshire Collection.

131. Rothschild Collection.

132. Leningrad.

133. Louvre.

134. New York.

135. Brussels.

136. Amsterdam.

137. Michel, Rembrandt, II, 214.

138. Edinburgh.

139. Louvre.

140. Louvre.

141. London.

142. Berlin.

143. Cassel.

144. Berlin.

145. New York.

146. Washington.

147. Leningrad.

148. London.

149. Glasgow.

150. Cassel,

151. Still with the Six family in Amsterdam.

152. Berlin.

153. Frick Collection.

154. Wallace Collection.

155. Beard, Miriam, History of the Business Man, 316.

156. Marcus Kappel Collection, Berlin.

157. New York.

158. Louvre.

159. Amsterdam.

160. Leningrad.

161. Amsterdam.

162. Froment in Wilenski, Dutch Painting, 93.

163. Self-portrait in the Louvre.

164. New York.

165. I. de Brüyn Collection.

166. Rathenau Collection.

167. In Michel, Rembrandt, I, 259.

168. Wilenski, Dutch Painting, 93.

169. Ibid.

170. Meier-Graefe, Spanish Journey, 313.

CHAPTER XIX

1. Gade, Tycho Brake, 150.

2. Werner, Copenhagen, 3.

3. Ranke, Popes, II, 150.

4. Fletcher, C. R., Gustavus Adolphus, 15.

5. Bain, F. W., Christina, Queen of Sweden, 8.

6. Fletcher, 43.

7. Camb. Mod. History, IV, 187.

8. Wedgwood, C. V., Thirty Years’ War, 273.

9. Fletcher, 27.

10. Bain, 28.

11. Ibid., 10.

12. 42.

13. 162.

14. 96.

15. 97.

16. 95.

17. 166.

18. Pascal, Provincial Letters, introduction, 25.

19. Ranke, Popes, II, 355.

20. Ortega y Gasset, Toward a Philosophy of History, 18.

21. Horn, F. W., Literature of the Scandinavian North, 332.

22. Cf. Ranke, Popes, II, 353.

23. Bain, 358–61.

24. Ranke, II, 359; Bain, 180.

25. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 60.

26. Gustafson in Bain, xvi.

27. Bain, 360.

28. Ogg, 446.

29. Bain, 224.

30. Ibid., 229.

31. Lewinski-Corwin, Political History of Poland, 216–18; Cambridge History of Poland, I, 566.

32. Lednicki, W., Life and Culture of Poland, 125–6.

33. Ibid, 94.

34. Camb. History of Poland, I, 413; Robertson, J. M., History of Freethought, 1,426.

35. Lednicki, 102n.

36. Robertson, Freethought, II, 37.

37. Camb. History of Poland, I, 403–5, 410–11.

38. Ranke, II, 161.

39. Pokrovsky, M., History of Russia, 154.

40. Florinsky, M., Russia: a History and an Interpretation, I, 213.

41. Kluchevsky, V., History of Russia, II, ch. xiii; III, 21; Florinsky, I, 217.

42. Vernadsky, G., History of Russia, 65.

43. Réau, L, L’ Art russe, I, 285.

44. Ranke, II, 155.

45. Florinsky, I, 226.

46. E.g., Pokrovsky, 169–70.

47. Ibid., 177; Kluchevsky, III, 20; Florinsky, I, 223.

48. Rambaud, A., History of Russia, I, 320.

49. Camb. Mod. History, V, 496.

50. Florinsky, I, 227; Pokrovsky, 182.

51. Kluchevsky, III, 31.

52. Rambaud, I, 341.

CHAPTER XX

1. Tavernier, Six Voyages, ii, 7.

2. Brockelmann, C., History of the Islamic Peoples, 316.

3. Pepys, Diary, Nov. 9, 1663.

4. Arnold, T., The Preaching of Islam, in Toynbee, A., Study of History, VIII, 165.

5. Finlay, G., History of Greece, V, 29, in Toynbee, ibid., 164.

6. Tavernier, i, I.

7. Michelet, Histoire de France, IV, 444.

8. Brantôme, Lives of Gallant Ladies, 135; Landau, R., Invitation to Morocco, 64.

9. Gibb, E. J., Ottoman Literature, 3.

10. Ibid., 236.

11. Dimand, M. S, Guide to Exhibition of Islamic Miniature Painting, 4.

12. Pope, A. U., Catalogue of a Loan Exhibition of Early Oriental Carpets, 93–5.

13. Pastor, Popes, XVIII, 419.

14. Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs, ch. cxxxi, in Works, XIBb, 270.

15. Preface to Part II of Don Quixote.

16. Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic, II, 338.

17. Pastor, XVIII, 422.

18. Ibid, 427.

19. 436.

20. Lane-Poole, S, Story of Turkey, 218.

21. En. Br., XV, 969a.

22. Teixeira, P., Travels, 62–6.

23. Pope, A. U, Survey of Persian Art, II, 1406.

24. Tavernier, Six Voyages, iv, 5.

25. Ibid.

26. Michelet, Histoire de France, V, 130.

27. En. Br., XII, 705. The account follows the eloquent description in Arthur Upham Pope, Survey of Persian Art, II, 1185, and the notes of my visit to Isfahan in 1948.

28. Tavernier, v, 2.

29. Browne, E. G, Literary History of Persia, IV, III.

30. Chardin, John, Travels in Persia, 134–6.

31. Ibid., 183, 167.

32. Teixeira, 114, 117.

33. Chardin, 143.

34. Ibid.

35. 146.

36. 279.

37. Tavernier, v, 14.

38. Arnold, Thomas, Painting in Islam, 89.

39. Chardin, 120.

40. Teixeira, 62.

41. Chardin, 187; Tavernier, v, 14.

42. Chardin, 191, 189.

43. Browne, E. G, Literary History, IV, 247.

44. Ibid, 287.

45. En. Br., XII, 705b.

46. Sir Bernard Eckstein Collection.

47. Boston.

48. Pope, Survey, I, 7n.

49. Gulbenkian Collection. Pope, Survey, V, 978.

50. Boston.

51. Pope, Survey, V, 549.

52. Pope, A. U., Introduction to Persian Art, 162.

53. Chardin, Travels, 273.

54. New York.

55. In Pope, Catalogue, 17.

56. Pope, Introduction, 220.

CHAPTER XXI

1. Coxe, W.,